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“Bottom-Up” için 2 makale

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Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Training and Perfectionism on Listening Comprehension Sub-processes

Davoud Amini, Mahya Shamlou

JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSISCilt 2014/2, Sayı 2

The present study aimed to examine any possible relevance of perfectionism as a personal trait variable, in moderating the effectiveness of meta-cognitive instruction on bottom-up and top-down sub-processes of listening comprehension with a sample of EFL learners in Iranian context. …

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Balancing Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Peer-to-Peer Approaches to Sustaining Distance Training

Gertrude DUDINK, Zane BERGE

The Turkish Online Journal of Distance EducationCilt 2006/7, Sayı 3

Many distance training case studies identify distance training leadership as bottom-up, whereas much of the literature suggests a need for strategic, top-down approaches. With change management as an overarching framework, approaches to sustaining distance training that originate at different levels …

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